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The Minister–Secretary of State for Finland (in Finnish ''Ministerivaltiosihteeri''; in Swedish ''Ministerstatssekreterare'') represented Finnish interests in the Imperial Court in Saint Petersburg. Before 1834 the title was secretary of state. The Russian Tsar was represented in Helsinki, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland by the Governor General. After Speransky (whose term had yet the Committee for Finnish Affairs as another actor in same matters), this State Secretary was required, as were Senators and so forth, to be a subject of the grand duchy. This secretary of state was an official who, and whose office (there were deputy and assistants) had the monopoly to present Finnish affairs to the Emperor. All acts of the Emperor concerning the grand duchy, were to be countersigned by this State Secretary, or deputized officials. When the Finnish autonomy was establishing, other Finnish-related officials generally supported, and helped to build this monopoly (to mention, Governor-General Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov was a supporter of this particularism and although he resided in St Petersburg and was in close contact with the emperor as simultaneous Russian Minister of Navy, he consistently had Finnish affairs to go through the Minister State Secretary). The tradition, endorsed by conservative Emperors such as Nicholas I, created a strong precedent. Russian general government was effectively kept out of Finnish affairs, this Minister having the benefit of the channel, and many possibilities to stall Russian ministers. Only in last two decades of the grabd duchy, those periods of russification, the system was attempted to be broken in some regards, but it created counteroffensives based on illegality arguments. Plehwe's appointment was criticized as illegal, because he was not Finnish citizen. Afterwards, russified Finnish citizens were occasionally used in this office and as members of the senate in Helsinki. * 1809–1811 count Mikhail Speransky * 1811–1841 baron, later count Robert Henrik Rehbinder * 1841–1876 count Alexander Armfelt ''(Aleksandr Gustavovich)'' (1794–1876) * 1876–1881 baron Carl Knut Emil Stjernvall-Walleen * 1881–1888 baron Theodor Bruun (1821–1888) * 1888–1891 Johann Casimir Ehrnrooth (1833–1913) * 1891–1898 Woldemar Carl von Daehn * 1898–1899 Victor Napoleon Procopé (1839–1906) * 1899–1904 Vyacheslav von Plehve (1846–1904) * 1904–1905 Edvard Oeström ''(Andreievich)'' (1862–1922) * 1905 baron Constantin Linder (1836–1908) * 1905–1906 Edvard Oeström ''(Andreievich)'' * 1906–1913 baron Carl Frederik August Langhoff (1856–1929) * 1913–1917 Vladimir Ivanovich Markov (1859–1919) == References == * Osmo Jussila, Seppo Hentilä and Jukka Nevakivi. From Grand Duchy to a modern state: a political history of Finland since 1809. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Minister–Secretary of State for Finland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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